Pollution in Beijing, China

Introduction Dangerously high pollution levels shrouded Beijing in smog for several days in Jan, 2013. Poor visibility and 755 air pollution levels as measured by the US Embassy in Beijing shocked all Chinese residents.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Pollution in Beijing, China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Similar data by the American embassy also showed the PM 2.5 had reached an all-time high of 866 microgram per cubic meter, a figure 25 times that of the standard level in US . Local authorities reacted to this even in the following way, they issued containment orders such as requiring reduced construction and engineering activities, restriction on travels by civil officers and reduced outdoor school activities. Beijing, the mega city capital of China with an estimated population of 20 million has a long history of pollution problems. Sadly to say, but persistent environmental pollution has been br ought about by the massive economic growth of the country and which is yet to be sufficiently addressed by successive communist regimes. Over-reliance on coal for energy, high motorization and poor enforcement of anti-pollution laws have been cited in many areas as the prime causes of pollution . Air pollution involves having dangerous inhalable quantities of particles of soot, organic compounds, heavy metals, acid aerosols and dust . In Beijing, just like in many other megacities in China, coal, auto exhaust and construction are the major agents of air pollution. Importantly to note that natural feature mainly geographical and weather pattern and not just emissions also play key roles in the pollution and pollutants levels of the city . High pollution is associated with adverse effects on human health, environment, animal and economic development. In China, a pollution level is determined from a number of standards specified in the National Ambient Air Pollutant Standards. The part iculate matter (PM) is measured on various scales. PM10 and PM2.5 are used but not TSP which was discontinued in 2001 . Heavy pollution in populous areas of Beijing and near by regions such as Beijing- Tianjin-Hebei region has been attributed to high PM2.5 and ozone concentrations.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More PM2.5 has been widely used in Beijing during the last decade . To underscore the seriousness of pollution in Beijing, it should be stated that in all measurements in Beijing, the level of PM2.5 has remained exceedingly high compared to the WHO standards . This paper discusses the key aspects of air pollution in Beijing with extrapolation of the same to the rest of China cities. Beijing is highly pollution and examining the roots, effects and control measures will present a wider picture of the state of air pollution in China. The content is by no means ex haustive and further reference may be helpful. Various factors account for high level of air pollution in the Chinese capital. These are discussed in the following section. This is followed by the effects and later control measures before conclusion is drawn at the end. Reasons for high pollution in Beijing The causes of pollution in Beijing are not far from those of the greater China. They range from heavy industry by products, high population to poor environmental and enforcement policies.Pollution in Beijing was extremely high in the 1990s . However, since 1998, Beijing authorities continuously publish weekly air quality reports for concentration of TSP, SO2, NOx and carbon monoxide (CO) . Heavy industry Massive industrialization over the years has been a key marker of the impressive economic growth China has experienced the past decades. Throughout the last two decades heavy and high tech industries have replaced traditional â€Å"cleaner† financial and service one . Thes e include steel, petrol, automobile, as well and chemical producers. The top pollutant producing industries in descending order of ranking are electricity, cement, transportation and warehousing .These industries release dangerous particulate matter, gases, volatile compounds and aerosols into the air. Industries insatiable need for energy has overstretched the available sources. To date, coal remains the primary source of energy for majority of industries in Beijing. In fact, coal account for 70% of all energy needs in China. In 2010 Beijing alone spent 27 metric tones of coal . Burning of coal and release of its untreated byproducts adds a lot of CO2, SO2 and soot in the air. SO2 emission has been on the increase in Beijing and other cities in China .Chemically, the combustion of coal accounts for 90% of SO2 air emissions, and over 70% of dust, nitrogen and CO2 .Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Pollution in Beijing, China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Comparison of coal use, SO2 emission and GDP in China Figure 1. Total coal consumption, national SO2 emissions, and GDP in China during 1995-2006 Between 1997 and 2005 alone the increase was 12%. Industrialization in Beijing can be understood from its contribution to the national GDP. Together, with the cities of Shanghai and those in the Pearl River Delta region such as Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Hong Kong, it accounts for about 20% of the GDP. Although heavy industrialization is the major source of pollution in Beijing and most China, its development has been necessitated by the high population that calls for constant jobs and improvement of livelihood. The following section examines the role of high population in regards to pollution. Figure 2. Energy production and emission of major pollutants Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Huge population Today, China is the most densely populated country in the world. At the start of this decade, its population stood at over 1.2 billion persons. This presents a serious challenge in tackling various forms of pollution. However, even though the country shows a 60% urbanization 60%, the biggest part of the population still lives in rural areas. Notwithstanding, this implies constant pressure on the government to create jobs and provide utility services. Meeting these demands obviously comes at a cost. It is known fact that the astronomical growth in GDP in China has been instrumental in lifting millions of Chinese out of poverty.Fast growing cities continue to attract huge number of people from rural areas in search of jobs. The urban population grew by about 20% between 1980 and 2005 . In Beijing alone, the population currently stands at over 20 million from 15.4 million in 2005 .Overall, the population of Beijing has witnessed an annual rise of about 2% since 1990s . High population translates into more use of solid fuels and coal . Furthermore, despite great economic progress, biomass fuel and coal is still heavily relied on in rural areas. High population has contributed to air pollution in many ways. First, high ever-swelling urban population calls for more housing leading to intensive construction thus compounding air problems. Secondly, massive urban expansion leads to differences in surface temperatures between the main city center and far flung suburban and decrease in relative humidity. This sets perfect condition of accumulation of particulate matter and development of smog in the area. The tall buildings also interfere with moving of air thus clogging the atmosphere pollutants. Lastly, High urban population also led to increased demand and usage of auto transport leading to increased vehicular emissions . Between 1999 and 2005, the number of vehicles in Beijing increased from 1.39 million to 2.65 million . The next section details the impact of high number of cars on air pollution in Beijing. Number of cars Motorization in Beijing has grown relatively fast in similar pattern to swelling city population and growth in economy . Continuous growth of number of vehicles and resultant emission are an impediment to efforts in improving urban air quality . Fig 3.Growth in vehicle numbers in Beijing between 1989 to 2009 Beijing has experienced a steady increase of about 13% in number of vehicles to reach over 5 million today. The bulk of this is personal vehicles and efforts are underway to lessen it through establishment of various public mass transportation systems. This astonishing increase has brought with it challenges in tackling air pollution in the city. In this regard, various investigators has identified motor emissions are key facilitators of air pollution in the area. Emissions from vehicles has been cited as sources of high CO, NOx, Volatile organic compounds and ozone in central and downtown in Beijing. Les s planting of trees Availability of land is a key catalyst of economic industrialization many forested regions have been cleared to set up factories. This has reduced the forest cover of Beijing to just below 1 %. The end result of this is increased suspension of particulate matter in the air and poor sequestration of carbon compounds and other emission from the atmosphere. Inefficient pollution control Despite apparent political will to tackle air pollution, control measures set out are yet to reduce air pollution levels to even just below international standards. The State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) and its successor Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP)goals of time-based cuts in major emissions has not produced little improvement. A notable effort is the 10 stages emergency control measures launched by the Beijing government in 1998. The gains of this initiative have been erratic, partly affected by ballooning vehicle number and the city population. Furt her evidence of challenges in addressing environmental degradation is from the fact that Beijing has twiced postponed the nationwide rollout of vehicle-emissions standards despite the lagging of fuel-quality standards. In addition, emission rates remain relatively high above world standards. A good example is NOx emissions. NOx emissions have actually increased within the last decade despite effort to lower it. Wang Hao (2012) attribute this to slow and/or halted control legislations. MEP has estimated the NOx is over 22mt, a level far above that of United States and Europe. The installations of low NOx burners (LNB), as required by law seem not to have produced any reductions. According to a report by the Washington-based Center for strategic and InternationalStudies (CSIS) (2008), a major impediment to pollution control implementation in Beijing has been the lack of connection between the central and local authorities. Beijing efforts to cut dangerous emission is thwarted by loca l authorities who disregard pollution legislation in favor of emissions control. Fig. 4 Emission of SO2, NOx and TSP (total suspended particle) in china, 2000-2010 In Beijing, NOx has been associated with the 20% rise of nitrate aerosol in PM2.5 and ozone between 2000 and 2008. PM emissions standards have produced mixed effect pointing to the fact that success in cutting dangerous emitted require concerted effort. For example, while PM emission standard requiring adoption of technologies such as installation of electrostatic precipitators (ESP) and fabric filters have produced reduction in some industries ,this has been cancelled out by high PM from traditional steel, cement and aluminum industries. The level of PM10 in Beijing has oscillated between 114-127 g/m3 between 2005 and 2010, way above the 40 g/m3 of European Union’s air quality standard. High pollution in Beijing and greater China has produced the common effects recorded elsewhere touching on human health, environ ment, animals generally the growth of affected cities. The next section details each of these points Effects of high pollution Health effects Massive industrialization in China has produced proportionate decline in environmental quality in most cities. Beijing is no exception. Highly polluted outdoor air is associated with 300,000 deaths, 20million cases of respiratory infection and an annual health budget of over 500 billion Yuan representing roughly 3% of the gross GDP. Data by WHO also indicates that approximately 450,000 premature deaths are due to the used of solid fuels in homes. Most of the health problems have been traced to coal combustion. Some of the health effects of air pollution include reduced fetal and child growth, pulmonary diseases (e.g. asthma), development abnormalities, and risk of cancer. Studies have shown that the most affected are fetuses,infants and young children due to greater absorption and slower toxic elimination by their bodies. Studies have also sho wn the yearly mean density of respirable particles in Beijing and other megacities such as Shanghai to be around/over 100 µg/m3 , a concentration nearly four times of comparable cities such as New York and Tokyo. This may explain the high number of respiratory problems common in Beijing, where face masks are easy to spot.The European Space Agency (ESA) considers Beijing to be one of the Chinese cities with the worst levels of NOx that seriously damages the lungs. It is difficult to estimate the actual mortality and other health problems due to air pollution in China because the local government does not reveal real data to the public . Poor air quality is scarring would-be inhabitants and contributing to abandonment of the city by expatriates. John Pomfret, aWashington Post writer when asked why he moved back to Los Angeles Jokingly said â€Å"for the air†. Although there are no statistical figures of the impact of this migration, it illustrates the dire nature of air pollu tion in Beijing and other Chinese megacities Environmental effects The environment has been a major casualty of severe air pollution in China. Statistics from the MEP for 2010 indicate that 50.4% of monitored Chinese cities suffered from acid rain during that year alone. According to the same report areas with heavy pollution and low PH (.4.5)precipitation increased for the 1995-2010 period. Acidic rainfall can bring about skin infection, corrosion of building and impairment of plants growth. A noted trend in recent years is that Beijing and other northern cities such as Tumen, Chengde, and Shangluo have recorded PH of below 5.6. In general, acid rain problems has escalated in the last two decades with 30% of Chinese territories experiencing acid rain pollution since the 1990s. China has overtaken the United States as the largest emitter of greenhouse gases (Wang Hao,2012; Ma, 2013).Since 2006, China has led the world in CO2 emissions and together with the USA account for about 40% of global emissions . This has resulted in increased external pressure for China to assume greater role in curbing global warming. For example, heavy use of coal and other fossil fuels that during the process of burning release greenhouse gases is the main source of the global climate changes. Recent extremely severe winters attest to these claims. Apart from CO2, China also releases huge amounts of methane, an important greenhouse gas whose source is rice paddies, landfills, coal mines, and a number of natural sources. Marine and ecological effects Particulate matter gets soaked with precipitation and finds way into water bodies. Heavy metals particles may also enter animal ecosystem through general sedimentation. These occurrences alter the ecological balance of marine habitat by affecting the PH, light penetration, aeration and density of water. Death of marine animals arises when their breathing systems get clogged by particulate matter and from poisoning. From the water bodies the pollutants may find their way into the food chain through human consumption of fish and other marine animals. A large shoal of floating dead fish has become a common sight in water bodies around Beijing. Country/city economic development Mitigating the problems and causes by air pollution is an extremely expensive undertaking. Billions that would otherwise been channeled to grow the economy are spent on health costs, technologies to cut harmful emissions and related areas.. In spite of scarce empirical data, the benefit of lessening respiratory illness in children was estimated at 3.5 billion dollars over the period 2002-2011. No example illustrates this better than the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Organizing committee has to spend billion to improve the quality of air and increase the number of â€Å"blue sky† days. High air pollution in Beijing has also drawn sharp criticism from outside and pressure to adopt tough measures which may interfere with local economies. Today Chi na is still under pressure to sign Kyoto Protocol to cut greenhouse emissions and meet targets set for top carbon emitters. Suggested pollution control measures Reducing air pollution is critical to the welfare and progression of Beijing. Although authorities have made commendable strides in cutting harmful emission, a lot still remains undone. Curtailing and reducing major emissions will require concerted efforts at individual, governmental and organization level. Individuals residing in the city should be encouraged to plant more trees, use more public transport, and develop a deep sense of environmental consciousness. This is necessary as by 2010, the total number of vehicle in Beijing stood at 4.87million. Encouraging the use of public transport can lower emission of CO, hydrocarbons, NOx and particulate matter from motor vehicles. Additionally, Investigators have also identified automobiles among the top agents of air pollution in Beijing. Therefore, future air pollution interv ention measures need to consider expansion and revamping of public transportation system as a key mitigating factor. As China become more industrialized farming and related activities such as planting trees continue to loose attention. This needs to be reversed. Authorities should encourage planting as green plants sequester excess carbon from the environment. In addition some plant can act as reservoir for heavy metals, decreasing their concentration in the atmosphere. Authorities also need to encourage and instill and instill a deep sense of environmental consciousness among residents. Such measures have been shown to be beneficial in western countries that once faced similar pollution problems. The central government is continually rolling out ‘cleaning’ technologies and regulations geared towards reducing air pollution in Beijing and the rest of China. This has included flue gas desulfurization (FGD) system that all coal-fired plants are required to use . The adopti on is encouraging given that by 2010 over 81% of such plants had already installed FGD. Coal washing compliance has also increased by an impressive 15% between 2005 and 2010 . A tremendous control of PM has been achieved in Beijing through policy and standards implementation. The 2003 PM emission standard (GB 13223-2003) requires PM concentration in flue gas to be less than 50mg/m3. Installation of electrostatic precipitators and fabric filters in coal units with generation capacity of over 600W resulted in decrease of PM2.5 of between 7%- 69% from 1990 to 2005 in different sectors. However, this gain from technological measures was reversed in the later part of the decade due to an explosive growth of high PM emitting industries such as steel, cement and aluminum. In Beijing, the PM10 remains relatively high fluctuating around 114-125 g/cm3 from 2005 to 2010 . While these traditional approaches are indispensable, the actual solution may lie in promoting energy efficiency and renewa ble energy sources. This intervention approach is to ensure that fewer pollutants are produced from sources. In all respects, Beijing needs to considerably reduce its overreliance on coal, the primary source of air pollution and the main driver of its industries. Past experience has shown that localized actions and policies do not produce lasting reduction in emission primarily due to infiltrations from outside. Therefore, future efforts to cut high emission in Beijing need to take this into account. A comprehensive approach would seek to address various pollution problems including acid precipitation, ozone, particulates, and greenhouses gases. To this end, regional air pollution modeling and networks should be encouraged. This will help craft better forecasts, regulation and emergency systems Anti-pollution organizational practices Beijing could borrow from foreign standards regulating vehicle emissions. Being the capital city, Beijing has to implement the phase emission standard to those in Europe. Encouragingly, Beijing enforced phase 4 emission standards in 2008 and 2009. This control measures are vital in decreasing the overall fleet average emission factors in the city. Indeed, studies have shown that the implementation of phase 1-4 emission standards since 1995 has resulted in annual decrease of fleet –average emission factors of CO,HC, NOx and PM10 in light duty cars by 12.5%, 10.0%, 5.8% and 13.0% respectively. Conclusion Air pollution is a serious problem in Beijing. Massive industrialization has brought with it catastrophic levels of pollution to the city. The dire situation of air quality has earned Beijing the embarrassing label of the pollution capital of the planet. The single most important source of pollution is coal. Combustion of coal leads to increase in various carbon compounds in the air and is the precursor to many greenhouse gases. The primary driving factors of pollution in these like are no different from those elsewhere. They include presence of heavy industries, huge population, high number of personal car and general inefficiency in pollution control by government and local authority bodies. High rate of pollution has caused a number of problems in the city including, high incidence of respiratory diseases and contributed to immigration abroad by foreigners and locals. On the other hand, the problems has negatively impacted the environment through acid precipitation, interfering with plant growth and increasing levels of greenhouse gases that have been associated with the global warming phenomenon. Animal sanctuaries have also been unpurified leading to imbalances in their ecosystem and frequent deaths. The effects of severe air degradation havebeen felt on the economic development of the city. This is because huge invested have to be made to mitigate the harmful effects brought about by the emissions. Whereas efforts in past two decades to contain air pollution in Beijing have produced commendable re sults in mitigating their negative effects, a lot of challenges still remain. With industrialization yet to peak in the city, current mitigation measures are poised to get diluted by upcoming industries, especially those traditionally associated with high particulate matter content. However, current measures should continue to emphasize more vegetation planting, greater use of public transport system, and enhancement of environmental consciousness. The city also needs to adopt more cleaner and renewable sources of energy such as solar and significantly cut it’s over reliance of coal as the primary source of energy. It is equally important for the government and local authorities to work in tandem in implementing emission regulations and policies. Otherwise, reduction in air emissions will not be realized anytime soon. References Associated Press. (2013, Jan 12). Air pollution in Beijing reaches hazardous levels. Web. Chan, C. K., Yao, X. (2008). Air pollution in mega cities in China. Atmosph Env, 42, 1-42. CSIS. (2008). Assessing the Chinese government response to the challenge of enviroment and health. Washingto D.C: CSIS Freeman Chair in China Studies. Gao, C., Yin, H., Ai, N., Huang, Z. (2009). Historical analysis of SO2 pollution control policies in China. Env Mngt, 43, 447-457.doi:Doi 10.1007/s00267-008-9252-x. Hays, J. (2012, April). Air pollution in China. Facts and Details. Web. Ho, M. S., Jorgenson, D. W. (2008, September-October). Greening china: Market-based policies for air-pollution control. Harvard Magazine, pp. 32-38. Ma, W. (2013, January 14). Beijing pollution hits highs. Dow Jones Company, Inc. Web. Millman, A., Tang, D., Perera, F. P. (2008). Air pollution threatens the health of children in China. Pediatrics, 122, 620.doi:10.1542/peds.2007-3143. Wang, S., Hao, J. (2012). Air quality management in China:Issues, challenges ,and options. J of Env Sc, 24(1), 2-13.doi:10.1016/S1001-0742(11)60724-9. Wu, Q. Z., Wang, Z. F., Gbaguidi, A., Gao, C., Li, L. N., Wang, W. (2011). Numerical study of contributions to air pollution in Beijing during CARE Beijing-2006. Atmph Chem Phy, 11, 5997-6011.doi:10.5194/acp-11-5997-2011. Wu, Y., Jiewang, R., Zhou, Y., Honglin, B., Xinfu, L., Ebinhe, K., et al. (2009). On-Road vehicle emission control in Beijing: Past ,present and future. Environ. Sci., 12, 322-345. Zhang, J., Smith, K. R. (2007). Household air pollution from coal and biomass fuels in China: Measurements, health impacts, and interventions. Environ Health Perspect, 115, 848-855.doi:10.1289/ehp.9479. Zhang, J., Mauzerall, D. L., Zhu, T., Liang, S., Ezzati, M., Remais, J. V., et al. (2010). Enviromental health in China: progress towards clean air and safe water. Lancet, 375, 1110-19. This research paper on Pollution in Beijing, China was written and submitted by user Averie W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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Impact of the English Civil War (1642–1651) The English Civil was an important part of English Revolution in 17th Century. It was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. It lasted ten years-from 1642 to 1651. According to the opinions of the historians, the English Civil war in 17th century could be divided into two parts: the first English Civil war and the second English Civil War. At last, the Parliamentarians won the war. It caused a big change in English political system. The parliamentarians and the royalists stood for the benefits of different people. The parliamentarians stood for the benefits of the new bourgeoisies, new nobles, yeomen, and most of the commons.  [2]  The royalists stood for the benefits of the king, the old nobles, the priests and the bureaucrats and the magnates. With the development of the economy, the conflicts between them became more serious. England was one of the blankets of Capitalism.  [3]  Since the 13th century, many nobles and people who had money began to buy lands and managed their farms. Many farmers who lost their lands became the main labors for the development of the capitalism. Many farmers worked in one farm, and the products of the farm will go to market directly. Besides the agriculture, the commerce and industry got a great development. With the development of the economy, bourgeois became an important part of the society. However, under the reign of the king, the economy developed very slowly. The feudality blocked the development of the economy. In addition, Charles I levied upon heavy tax from the citizens for his luxurious life and the war. More and more people opposed the reign of Charles I. Charles I did not care the people, and continued to carry out his policies. He even decided to break the parliament. The conduct of Charles I had enraged people. Rebellions happened in many places. In November, 1641, the parliament made and passed a document to accuse the bad conduct of Charles I, and required him to give industry and commerce freedom.  [4]  The most important point of this document was that the government should listen to the parliament. However, Charles I did not agree with this kind of document. To response the rebellion, he captured the members of the House of Commons, but he failed at last. Further negotiations by frequent correspondence between the King and the Long Parliament through early summer proved fruitless. In August 22, 1642, Charles I declared to crusade against the members of the Parliament who rebelled him. This thing caused the first English war between parliamentarians and royalists. Comparing the powers of the two camps, the camp supporting parliament was in dominant position. The areas the parliament controlled were developed. Four fifths of the tax was got from these areas.  [5]  Most of the people support the parliament. In addition, the army of the parliament controlled important harbors and navy. However, the parliament was in a hard condition in the beginning. To change the bad condition of the war, in 1645 Parliament reaffirmed its determination to fight the war to a finish. It passed the Self-denying Ordinance, by which all members of either House of Parliament laid down their commands, and re-organized its main forces into the New Model Army (Army), under the command of Sir Thomas Fairfax, with Cromwell as his second-in-command and Lieutenant-General of Horse.  [6]  At the Battle of Naseby on 14 June and the Battle of Langport on 10 July, the Parliamentarians effectively destroyed Charles armies. Charles was eventually handed over to the English Parliament by the Scots and was imprisoned. This marked the end of the First English Civil War. After the First English Civil War, the royalists were hurt seriously. The power fell into the hand of the Presbyterianism. All polices they made were for their own benefits. Most of the peoples rights were not protected, and their bad conditions of life were not changed. They thought the first English Civil War was not the end of the revolution. They decided to continue the revolution until their rights and benefits were protected.  [7]  At the same time, Charles I negotiated a secret treaty with the Scots, on 28 December 1647. Under the agreement, called the Engagement, the Scots undertook to invade England on Charles behalf and restore him to the throne on condition of the establishment of Presbyterianism for three years.  [8]  Then, he used all kinds of methods to encourage people to rebel. Suddenly, a series of Royalist uprisings throughout England and a Scottish invasion occurred in the summer of 1648. The second English Civil war broke out. Parties of revolution seek to cooperation to fight the war. During the second war, the army of the parliament conquered every difficulty, and succeeded at last. The second English war ended with the victory of the parliament. Charles I was sent to the court of trial. At the end of the trial the 59 Commissioners found Charles I guilty of high treason, as a tyrant, traitor, murderer and public enemy.  [9]  He was beheaded on 30 January 1649. Shortly after the Kings execution, Parliament abolished the office of the King and the House of Lords. It declared that England shall be governed as a Commonwealth. Commonwealth was established in England. The government ruled by elected representatives of the people. But Englands supposedly republican Commonwealth actually turned out to be a military dictatorship under Cromwell.  [10]  To protect his reign, he tried his best to clean up all threats. At last, he brought Scotland and Ireland under English control. His armies swept though both countries and put down all resisting forces.  [11]   English Civil War is a great fight between parliamentarians and royalists. During the war, the new nobles and the bourgeoisies held the leadership, and most of the common people supported them to fight. That assured the victory of the parliamentarians. The victory of parliamentarians ended the reign of dictator. New nobles and bourgeoisies take the power of the nation. The right of the King was abolished. England was declared to be Republic. Democracy was closer to Britain. It was the climax of English Revolution.  [12]   English Civil War was an important event in the history of British. Besides the political consequence, it had a great effect on the development of the military and the economy. During the English Civil War, Cromwell established advanced army. It improved the strength of the English army. The new nobles and bourgeoisies took the power of the nation. They could make policies that stood for the benefits of bourgeoisies. It promoted the development of capitalism. In addition, the victory of English Civil War encouraged the revolutions of other countries.

Exercise Addiction Essay -- Exercise Dependence

Exercise is often thought of in a positive light. It is common belief in today’s society that a healthy diet and a regular exercise routine will lead to a long, healthy life. And in the simplest sense of the word, it will. It has been a tried and true method to control and lose weight, lift a person’s mood, boost energy, combat a variety of health conditions and diseases, promote better sleep patterns, and even increase libido. (Mayo Clinic, July 23, 2011). So with all of these being possible and probable benefits of working out, why would it possibly be anything other than good? Certainly, something with so many benefits can’t be a bad thing? However, we may overlook the fact that it is like any good thing; in excess it can become dangerous very quickly. In society, there are increasingly more athletes that are pushing themselves so hard to the point they are making themselves sick. Whatever happened to exercising for simple joy, or competing becau se of a love for sport? The motivations behind an individual’s exercise habits are directly related to whether they develop an addiction. There is even a term for this over exercising phenomenon: Exercise Addiction, or Exercise Dependence. Exercise dependence is a craving that a person would experience, manifesting itself in the form of compulsiveness in relation to exercise behaviour. It can show in physiological symptoms, such as withdrawal, or psychological signs like anxiety and depression. (Hausenblaus, Downs. 2000). Some of these psychological symptoms can be observed in anyone who is competitive and/or elite in their chosen sport, but it may not necessarily mean that they are â€Å"addicted†. It is not nearly as likely to see such behaviours in moderate exe... ...iate control that they are more at risk for addiction. Research still needs to clarify many facets of this affliction, so that the general public can access and be educated on the topic. If this is achieved, the incidence of exercise addiction should decrease, and eventually become just a shadow of its current state. Works Cited http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1751359/ http://drugabuse.gov/scienceofaddiction/brain.html http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/32573781/ns/health-fitness/t/runners-high-can-turn-real-addiction/#.Ttg0LPLTpMY http://www.anorexiaathletica.com/ Carroll, D., S. Rodgers, I. Cockerill, and D. Bamber. "Diagnostic Criteria for Exercise Dependence in Women." National Centre for Biotechnology Information. British Journal of Sports Medicine, Oct. 2003. Web. 4 Dec. 2011. .

Writing and Science Fiction Writer

These two articles are similar in that they are both writing pieces by authors writing in first person about their books or writings. Amy Tan and Isaac Asimov are both writing about something specific about their writings. Amy Tan talks about how her experiences with her mother contributes to her writing and Isaac Asimov analyzes why he is a good science fiction writer and what it takes to be one. In the article Mother Tongue by Amy Tan, Amy writes about what it was like growing up with her mother's limited English. â€Å"because when I was growing up, my mother's ‘limited' English limited my perception of her. I was ashamed of her English. † (1) As the author implies in this passage and throughout the article, other people's perception of her mother affected her own perception of her. Amy had to pretend to be her mother a lot to professionals because they did not take her seriously or understand her. â€Å"When I was fifteen she used to have me call people n the phone and pretend it was her. In this guise, I was forced to ask for information or even to complain and yell at people who had been rude to her. † (2) Eventually, the author realizes that her mother and the experiences helped form her in to the writer she is today. Those Crazy Ideas by Isaac Asimov is about his fans asking him where he gets his crazy writing ideas. Isaac is a science fiction writer. He explains that to be a science fiction writer, you must possess as many â€Å"bits† (facts or information) as possible, you must be able to combine the â€Å"bits† well, and you must have intuition. (3) These two are articles are both written in first person. Although Isaac and Amy are writing about two totally different subjects, they are both relevant to being a writer. Those Crazy Ideas is more or less Isaac teaching people what it takes to be a good science fiction writer. He attempts to help people understand his thought process while writing and his take on creativity. He analyzes creativity itself. This article is has a more informational purpose than Mother Tongue; which is the first difference other than their subjects. Mother Tongue and Those Crazy Ideas are different in that they have different purposes. Mother Tongue, Amy Tan is sharing a personal story and relating it back to the way it affected her writing style and technique. His main purpose is sharing for understanding. We used a similar routine just five days ago, for a situation that was far less humorous. My mother had gone to the hospital for and appointment, to find out about a benign brain tumor a CAT scan had revealed a month ago. † (4) Isaac, in his article, is essentially answering the question â€Å"Where do you get your crazy ideas? † and is elaborating on that. He uses a lot of factual information and examples to prove his arguments about being a science fiction wr iter. â€Å"To begin with, in 1831, when Charles Darwin was twenty-two, he joined the crew of a ship called the Beagle. (5) The difference in Mother Tongue is that Amy does not use any hard facts but, instead, used her personal accounts to get her point across. These are two different styles of writing that partway has to do with the subjects their writings are about. In the end of their articles, Mother Tongue by Amy Tan and Those Crazy Ideas by Isaac Asimov, they both relate their articles back to something specific about the way that they write. In Amy Tans experience she learned to write in a way people would understand instead of trying to prove her good English by uses big intelligent words that the average person could not understand. Fortunately for reasons I won't get into today, I later decided to I should envision a reader for the stories I would write. And the reader I decided upon was my mother, because these were stories about mothers. So with this reader in mind-and in fact she did read my early drafts- I began using all the Englishes I grew up with: the English I spoke to my mother, which for lack of a better term might be described as ‘broken'; my translation of her Chinese, which could certainly be described as ‘watered down'; and what I imagined to be her translation of Chinese if she could speak in perfect English. (6) Isaac Asimov concludes his article, answering the question â€Å"Where do you get those crazy ideas? † with a blunt â€Å"I don't know. † He reiterates that we need to encourage scientific creativity and experiment more with creativity itself. â€Å"How, then, does one go about encouraging scientific creativity? For now than ever before in man’s history, we must; and the need will grow constantly in the future. † (7) â€Å"I don't know. Here, it seems to me, is where we need experimentation and perhaps a kind of creative breakthrough about creativity. Once we learn enough about the whole matter, who knows- I may even find out where I get those Crazy Ideas. † (8) In conclusion, the two articles, Mother Tongue by Amy Tan and Those Crazy Ideas by Isaac Asimov, are the same in that they are both in first person and both relate back to each author's writings somehow. They are different in that they are on different subjects; they have different purposes and different ways of getting their point across. Amy uses her personal experiences and Isaac uses hard facts. Bibliography Asimov, Isaac. Those Crazy Ideas Tan, Amy. Mother Tongue ? Works Cited (1)Tan, Amy. Mother Tongue pg. 87 paragraph 9 (2)Tan, Amy. Mother Tongue pg. 87 paragraph 10 (3)Asimov, Isaac. Those Crazy Ideas pg. 145 paragraph 28 (4)Tan, Amy. Mother Tongue pg. 86 paragraph 4 (5)Asimov, Isaac. Those Crazy Ideas pg. 143 paragraph 9 (6)Tan, Amy. Mother Tongue pg. 90 paragraph 21 (7)Asimov, Isaac. Those Crazy Ideas pg. 150 paragraph 81 (8)Asimov, Isaac. Those Crazy Ideas pg. 151 paragraph 91

JAWS THE BOOK essays

JAWS THE BOOK essays In Jaws terror strikes. This terror is what fuels the story. When the first attack is learned by the worn everyone is gripped with fear. As more die this grip tightens and slowly chokes the town. The terror starts because the killer is unseen and unknown, impossible to see and impossible to escape. There is also the evident amount of death involved with the shark attack. The town is soon to fail with the attack of a shark on a local water front. The first wave of terror would have to be that there is a creature living right near you but totally hidden. Less then a mile between the shark and people, the shark sees you but you will never see the shark. Not only is it unseen but also heartless and mindless. It has a need to feast and anything in the water is fair game for it, no matter how inaccessible. People realize they kill and feel some amount of remorse or pain for what they do. A shark does not, what he eats, what he kills does not matter to it. The next wave of terror is the death. Christine Watkins went for a swim after a night of fun and out of no where the shark speeds over and takes a chunk out of her left leg. No one sees her die but they sure do find her body, parts. Ever your mother cant protect you. When the young boy Alex Kinter begs for a little floating on his raft he never sees the monstrous beast slide up and swallow him down. When is it safe to swim when there is a large heartless beast that seems to never leave in the water. A quick dip could be your last, a breath of fresh air could be your last word. Terror continues out of water, a community based on vacationers and the water is stopped cold when all of the water is unsafe. Business depends on custimers and with no customers business fails. The pyramid effect takes place first the vacationers do not come in fear of dying. Then local business begin to go down. After the citizens of the town dont make money. People must...

The interview by Francis Collins on The Language of GOD

The interview by Francis Collins on The Language of GOD To begin with, we must appreciate the fact that science and religion have been perceived to be conflicting concepts since time immemorial. While religion and science cannot be disentangled from the reality of God and creation, there is a sharp contrast between scientific discoveries and most of the biblical doctrines.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The interview by Francis Collins on The Language of GOD specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although Francis Collins is assertive that religion and science can co-exist and that there is no conflict between the two entities, it is factual that the two concepts conflict each other severally. Throughout the interview, the author reiterates that he is a strong Christian believer and that he cannot abandon his faith in God just because of being a specialist in DNA. He argues that he has passion for science. Nevertheless, true Christians believe that the Bible represen ts the spoken word of God and that every answer about life’s challenges is found in the Bible. From this perspective, Christian believers have been left in a state of dilemma for centuries especially when they have to correlate scientific ideas and religious doctrines. From the first question in the interview, Collins outlines that the concept of evolution did not jut spring from space (Beliefnet 4). It was God’s plan for evolution to take place. Even if God planned for evolution, he must have outlined it in the Bible. Evolution should be treated or perceived as a unique scientific aspect that goes against the ideals of creation. In fact, the scientific theory which asserts that all living species have a common ancestor should be further investigated. Even though the perspective on the origin of living species has been received with overwhelming mixed reactions, it should not weaken the contents of the Bible. The author notes that there is no missing link between scien ce and religion. However, it is surprising to observe that the creation theories from both perspectives differ remarkably. For instance, the Biblical account of creation asserts that God created the earth and everything in it. Creation took a total of six days and on the seventh day, God took a rest. On the other hand, the theory of evolution was put forward by Charles Darwin in1859 in his book The Origin of the Species. According to this theory, all the living species emanated from a common creature. However, the species have evolved (transformed) gradually with the passage of time.Advertising Looking for critical writing on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A case in point is the evolution of man from other primates such as monkeys and baboons. Sincerely peaking, these are vivid differences that need not to be expounded in any length. Although Collins seem to insinuate that we are yet to study ade quate scientific facts in order to appreciate the truth, it does not auger well with any other Christian believer to be told that man originated from apes. The biblical account of creation is straightforward. Therefore, we may appreciate the contribution of science to humanity on other platforms but not on creation. Secondly, is it true that God planned the process of evolution and that it was not a random undertaking? Well, this may be beyond our ordinary human understanding in as much us we should give God all the credits for creating the planet and life in it. Nevertheless, the author does not give any evidence of his claim. If God really planned for evolution, why is there a sharp contrast in creation theories? Better still, why is this plan not accounted for in the Bible? Even though science may have some outright responses to such inquiries, Christians are not mandated at all to believe in science at the expense of biblical doctrines. As already mentioned above, the spoken wor d of God can only be found in the books and chapters of the Bible. Additionally, Christians may still posit that scientific revelations are not inspired by any entity (relies on human knowledge per se) while Biblical doctrines were inspired through the prophets of God. Christians are still o the right track of pursuing their faith even though the author observes that he is sympathetic to fellow Christians who think that evolution has damaged their faith towards creation. In fact, the study of DNA and the vital applications of scientific knowledge should be taken as unique ways of worshipping God. Science allows a broader way of worshipping God (Beliefnet 4). Is it possible to reconcile evolution with the Bible? According to Collins, God planned for evolution to take place. Nonetheless, this may not be a satisfactory response to this question. Perhaps, evolution should be viewed as the gradual transformation of living creatures. This is indeed an inevitable process in life. Even huge rock boulders undergo the process of weathering that eventually reduces them into smaller particles.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The interview by Francis Collins on The Language of GOD specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hence, evolution can only be reconciled with the Bible if its meaning and content are duly revised. For example, the evolution theory on creation is still controversial and will always remain that way among Christians. Therefore, creation theory according to evolution should be expunged from science in order to fully reconcile the two divides. In addition, Collins is quite categorical that it was the plan of God to create human beings for the sake of his own glory. This cannot be disputed because God used evolution to meet his broad objective on humanity. Even though most Christian believers think that evolution is a far-fetched scientific concept that does not meet the Biblical thresho ld, the author is of the opinion that evolution did not take God by surprise since it was part and parcel of his plan towards life (Beliefnet 5). This is perhaps the reality on the ground because even if Christians have not appreciated the theory of evolution in totality, scientific knowledge is largely applicable in the modern life. Finally, we ought to concur with the author that the myriads of discoveries that have been made in the field of science should be uniquely used to appreciate and worship God as the Supreme Being. In fact, the wonders of creation exemplify the nature of God in totality. Moreover, the extent at which DNA applications can be put into practice should be gauged. Designing babies of our choices through DNA options contravenes the purpose of God towards mankind. It is the worst form of criticism that humanity can offer to God. Interfering with genetic makeup confirms that we are not contended with the natural choice of God. Conclusion To recap it all, it is vi tal to reaffirm that science and religion are broad concepts that should be treated with utmost caution. However, religion should always be given precedence over science because its doctrines are almost indisputable.Advertising Looking for critical writing on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Beliefnet. Interview with Francis Collins. Center for online and distance education. Simon Fraser University (n.d): 4-6. Print.

Non-Verbal Communication and Its Types by De Vito Essay

Non-Verbal Communication and Its Types by De Vito - Essay Example My first stop during this observation tour was the most common place where man gathers in order to openly display their non-verbal communication skills and human relationships, the mall. I took my time walking around the building in order to observe men, women, and children and how they interact with one another. What I observed was that the most common human relationship that can be found and observed in the mall is that of varying degrees of friendships. Now DeVito defines friendship as, â€Å"an interpersonal relationship between two persons that is mutually productive and characterized by mutual positive regard† ( 187 ). Almost everyone that I observed arriving in pairs, as a group or meeting other persons at the mall prove the interpersonal relationship of their acquaintance because of the way they react to one another. It is not uncommon to observe these pairs or groups delivering non-verbal assurances of their friendships through their reactions to one another. From a w arm hug, a kiss on the cheek, or even slapping one another on the shoulder all translate into non-verbal communications that prove that they consider each other unique, genuine, and irreplaceable individuals in each other life. But that is not to say that only positive friendships exist at the mall. Once in a while, I also noted the existence of discord between the couples or group individuals. These non-verbal arguments included the raising of an eyebrow as they discuss amongst themselves. The rise of an eyebrow is normally followed by a change in the vocal pitch of the person speaking.

Pursue MS in Computational Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pursue MS in Computational Finance - Essay Example However the biggest revelation that I experienced was when I came across the concepts of finance, economics and banking during my under graduation. I began to realize the true importance of numbers. That was when I began comprehending the magnitude of services that mathematics could provide. I immediately realized that a domain that blends mathematics and finance was my future. Even before I completed my Class X, I had achieved a high level of proficiency in various nuances of mathematics, much advanced than required by convention. I spent vast amounts of time identifying the roles that mathematics plays in everyday life. Of the various applications with their pith as numbers, I was most fascinated by Finance and its related domains. Consequently, I took up Finance as my major subject for my under-graduation at Georgia State University. The subjects that I learnt during my undergraduate course have taught me the art of formal and logical thinking. My passion for finance only escalated from day one of my under-graduation. Some of my favorite subjects were Mathematics, Finance, Economics and Risk Management. I took several interesting courses in finance and completed all the required credits successfully.